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c# barcode generator library open source TRAITS AND TYPES AND GNARLY STUFF FOR ARCHITECTS in Font
CHAPTER 7 TRAITS AND TYPES AND GNARLY STUFF FOR ARCHITECTS ECC200 Printer In None Using Barcode creator for Font Control to generate, create Data Matrix ECC200 image in Font applications. www.OnBarcode.comMaking Barcode In None Using Barcode creator for Font Control to generate, create Barcode image in Font applications. www.OnBarcode.comOnly instances of classes that extend Baz, Blarg, and FruitBat may be passed into this method. Let s go model some living things. Paint PDF-417 2d Barcode In None Using Barcode maker for Font Control to generate, create PDF-417 2d barcode image in Font applications. www.OnBarcode.comCreating UPC Code In None Using Barcode generator for Font Control to generate, create UCC - 12 image in Font applications. www.OnBarcode.comabstract abstract abstract abstract class class class class LivingThing Plant extends LivingThing Fungus extends LivingThing Animal extends LivingThing Print Barcode In None Using Barcode drawer for Font Control to generate, create Barcode image in Font applications. www.OnBarcode.comEncoding ECC200 In None Using Barcode maker for Font Control to generate, create Data Matrix image in Font applications. www.OnBarcode.comGood so far. A LivingThing must be a plant, fungus, or animal. But, what about legs Who can have legs Create QR Code ISO/IEC18004 In None Using Barcode creation for Font Control to generate, create Denso QR Bar Code image in Font applications. www.OnBarcode.comGTIN - 8 Generator In None Using Barcode generation for Font Control to generate, create EAN / UCC - 8 image in Font applications. www.OnBarcode.comtrait HasLegs extends Animal { def walk() {println("Walking")} } Print DataMatrix In Visual Basic .NET Using Barcode generator for VS .NET Control to generate, create Data Matrix ECC200 image in VS .NET applications. www.OnBarcode.comECC200 Creator In Java Using Barcode drawer for Java Control to generate, create DataMatrix image in Java applications. www.OnBarcode.comThe HasLegs trait extends Animal. But Animal is a class, so what does it mean for a trait to extend a class It means that the compiler will only let you mix HasLegs into something which subclasses from Animal. Thus, we ve defined that only animals have legs, but any type of animal can have legs. It s the same for HasWings: QR Code JIS X 0510 Generation In Visual Studio .NET Using Barcode maker for .NET Control to generate, create QR Code 2d barcode image in VS .NET applications. www.OnBarcode.comBarcode Recognizer In .NET Framework Using Barcode reader for .NET framework Control to read, scan read, scan image in VS .NET applications. www.OnBarcode.comtrait HasWings extends Animal { def flap() {println("Flap Flap")} } Generating Barcode In None Using Barcode creator for Online Control to generate, create Barcode image in Online applications. www.OnBarcode.comMaking UPC A In Objective-C Using Barcode creation for iPhone Control to generate, create GS1 - 12 image in iPhone applications. www.OnBarcode.comBut, only things with wings can fly. This is a different notation. We define the rules of the self type with this: HasWings =>. The compiler will flag an error if this trait is not mixed into a class that also extends HasWings. So, we can use self types to define the rules for what classes a given trait can be mixed into.8 GTIN - 13 Reader In Java Using Barcode recognizer for Java Control to read, scan read, scan image in Java applications. www.OnBarcode.comBarcode Creation In VS .NET Using Barcode drawer for Reporting Service Control to generate, create Barcode image in Reporting Service applications. www.OnBarcode.comtrait Flies { this: HasWings => def fly() {println("I'm flying")} } UPC Code Generator In .NET Using Barcode creator for .NET Control to generate, create Universal Product Code version A image in VS .NET applications. www.OnBarcode.comUPC A Recognizer In VB.NET Using Barcode decoder for .NET framework Control to read, scan read, scan image in VS .NET applications. www.OnBarcode.comAnd Birds have wings and legs: Barcode Drawer In None Using Barcode generator for Excel Control to generate, create Barcode image in Excel applications. www.OnBarcode.comDraw GTIN - 128 In None Using Barcode encoder for Excel Control to generate, create GS1 128 image in Microsoft Excel applications. www.OnBarcode.comabstract class Bird extends Animal with HasWings with HasLegs
Let s define a couple of different Birds: class Robin extends Bird with Flies class Ostrich extends Bird
8. Self types can also be used to discover at compile time what class a trait has been mixed into. See http://www.scala-lang.org/node/124. CHAPTER 7 TRAITS AND TYPES AND GNARLY STUFF FOR ARCHITECTS
All mammals have a bodyTemperature: abstract class Mammal extends Animal { def bodyTemperature: Double } Some animals know their name, and if they do, we can ask their name: trait KnowsName extends Animal { def name: String } So, a Dog is a Mammal that has legs and knows its name: class Dog(val name: String) extends Mammal with HasLegs with KnowsName { def bodyTemperature: Double = 99.3 } Some animals, cats, and children come to mind who know their own name but will sometimes ignore their name: trait IgnoresName { this: KnowsName => def ignoreName(when: String): Boolean def currentName(when: String): Option[String] = if (ignoreName(when)) None else Some(name) } Now we can define a Cat class that has legs, knows its name, and ignores its name except at dinner time: class Cat(val name: String) extends Mammal with HasLegs with KnowsName with IgnoresName { def ignoreName(when: String) = when match { case "Dinner" => false case _ => true } def bodyTemperature: Double = 99.5 } Some Animals can be Athletes, and Runners are Athletes with legs: trait Athlete extends Animal trait Runner { this: Athlete with HasLegs => def run() {println("I'm running")} CHAPTER 7 TRAITS AND TYPES AND GNARLY STUFF FOR ARCHITECTS
A Person is a Mammal with legs and knows its name: class Person(val name: String) extends Mammal with HasLegs with KnowsName { def bodyTemperature: Double = 98.6 } A Biker is a Person but may only be added to an Athlete: trait Biker extends Person { this: Athlete=> def ride() {println("I'm riding my bike")} } And finally, let s define some Genders: trait Gender trait Male extends Gender trait Female extends Gender
We ve defined a complex hierarchy of classes and traits. Let s see what we can do with these classes. First, let s try to create a Dog that s also a Biker: scala> val bikerDog = new Dog("biker") with Athlete with Biker
<console>:4: error: illegal inheritance; superclass Dog is not a subclass of the superclass Person of the mixin trait Biker val bikerDog = new Dog("biker") with Athlete with Biker Cool, the compiler enforced our rule about Bikers needing to be Persons. Let s create some valid LivingThings. Please note that we can compose together different traits as part of the object creation. So, archer is an instance of a class that is a subclass of Dog that implements Athlete, Runner, and Male. The Scala compiler automatically creates this new, anonymous class for you.
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