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Appendix C

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578 10 19 a

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h mv 663 10 34 J s (70 kg)(85 m/s)

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1 free e /cm3 1 mol (2 e /atom)(602 1023 atoms/mol) 6537 g (713 g/cm3)

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b The wavelength is too small to show observable effects 21 so p KE

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131 1023 3 free e /cm3 (1 e /atom)(602 1023 atoms/mol) 19697 g (1932 g/cm3) 590 1022 5 free e (181 1023 free e /cm3) 190 7 free e /atom

1 eV 160 10 cm 09 ( 602 1 molatoms )( 218molg )( 133 g )( 189 10 2

23 3

( 1 mol )

663 10 34 J s 0125 10 9 m

2 83 ( 270 g5/cgm )

free e in the tip

2(911 10

31 kg)

(1544 10

19 J )

105 free e cm 3

378 10 TK TC TC TK

free e /atom

965 eV, so it would have to be accelerated through 965 V

273 273 273

2000 73 C

Appendix C

9 free e /atom

m 26 ( 602 1 molatoms )( 7molg )( 5c23 g )( 116 10

23 3

b E

1010 free e cm3

( 0113986 u)(93149 MeV/u) 10618 MeV

15 17

234U 92

230 Th 90 222Rn 86

4He 2 4He 2 0e 1 0 0

267 10 11 ratio

13 226Ra 88 14C 6

free e in doped Si free e /cm3 in Si (ratio)(free e /cm3 in Si)

/cm3

19 21

14N 7 259Rf 104

free e /cm3 in doped Si

m ( As aattoomss )( 499 Si As atoms Si atoms

263Sg 106

4He 2 0e 1 0e 1 0e 1 0e 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1022 Si atoms cm3

(ratio)(free e /cm3 in Si)

23 a b c d

210Pb 80 210Bi 83

210Tl 81

(1 104)(145 1010 free e /cm3) 499 1022 Si atoms/cm3

210Po 84 234Pa 91 239Pu 94

234Th 90 239Np 93

291 10 13 ratio

25 80 days

4(20 days), which is 4 half-lives original

1 free e 1 As atom 1 As atom 1 106 electrons

434 1022 electrons cm3

remaining

113 1015 thermal carriers 384 15 Germanium devices do not work well at such temperatures because the ratio of doped carriers to thermal carriers is small enough that temperature has too much influence on conductivity Silicon is much better 23 Vb IR Vd Vd 050 V 050 V b E 25 It would be impossible to obtain 25 mA of current with any reasonable power supply voltage because one of the diodes would be reverse-biased

(1) 2 1 (40 g)( ) 2

025 g

Solutions for Practice Problems

27 Six years is about half of tritium s half-life of 123 7 1 1 2 , or about years, thus, the brightness is the 10 2 original brightness

35 a E (00025 A)(470 ) 22 V

mc2 (167 10 150 10

27 10

kg)(300 108 m/s)2

10 19

150 10 160217 10

J J/eV

936 108 eV 936 MeV c The minimum energy is (2)(936 108 eV) 187 109 eV 37 a E (1008655 u)(93149 MeV) 93956 MeV b The total -ray energy is twice the energy equivalent of the neutron s mass, or 18791 MeV

1 A 234 235 238 3 A Z Z neutrons 92 92 92 142 neutrons 143 neutrons 146 neutrons 80 120 neutrons 6(1008665)

5 a 12000000

6(1007825)

0098940 u b E ( 0098940 u)(93149 MeV/u) 92161 MeV 7 a 15010109 7(1007825) 8(1008665)

0113986 u

Appendix C

Color Conventions

Displacement vectors (d ) Velocity vectors (v) Acceleration vectors (a) Force vectors (F ) Momentum vectors ( p) Light rays Object Image Electric field (E ) Magnetic field lines (B ) Coordinate axes Negative charges Positive charges Current direction Electron Proton Neutron

Electric Circuit Symbols

Conductor Ground Switch Electric connection No electric connection

Battery

Fuse

Capacitor V Resistor (fixed) A

Appendix D

Lamp

DC generator

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Potentiometer (variable resistor)

Inductor

AC source

Transistor

Diode

Appendix D

SI Base Units

Quantity Length Mass Time Temperature Amount of a substance Electric current Luminous intensity Name meter kilogram second Kelvin mole ampere candela Symbol m kg s K mol A cd

SI Derived Units

Measurement Acceleration Area Capacitance Density Electric charge Electric field Electric resistance EMF Energy, work Force Frequency Illuminance Magnetic field Potential difference Power Pressure Velocity Volume ohm volt joule newton hertz lux tesla volt watt pascal coulomb farad Unit Symbol m/s2 m2 F kg/m3 C N/C V J N Hz lx T V W Pa m/s m3 Expressed in Base Units m/s2 m2 A2 s4/kg m2 kg/m3 As kg m/C s2 kg m2/A2 s3 kg m2/A s3 Nm kg m2/s2 kg m/s2

Expressed in Other SI Units

cd/m2 kg/A s2 kg m2/A s3 kg m2/s3 kg/m m/s m3 s2 N s/C m W/A or J/C J/s N/m2

Tables

Useful Conversions

1 in 1 mi 1 1 mi2 m3 1 gal 1 knot 254 cm 161 km 640 acres 379 L 264 gal 115 mi/h 1 kg 602 1026 u 1 atm 1 cal 1 eV 1 kWh lb/in2 1 hp 1 mol 101 kPa 4184 J 160 10 360 MJ 746 W 6022 1023 items

1 oz 284 g 1 kg 221 lb 1 lb 1 atm 1 atm 445 N 147 101 105 N/m2

Appendix D

Physical Constants

Quantity Atomic mass unit Avogadro s number Boltzmann s constant Constant in Coulomb s law Elementary charge Gas constant Gravitational constant Mass of an electron Mass of a proton Mass of a neutron Planck s constant Speed of light in a vacuum Symbol u NA k K e R G me mp mn h c 60221415 Value 166053886 10 1023 13806505 10 160217653 10 66742 10

nm in Objective-C Generating QR Code ISO/IEC18004 in Objective-C nm

nm in Objective-C

Generating QR Code ISO/IEC18004 in Objective-C nm