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qr code reader c# .net Vectors, One Forms, Metric in VS .NET
Vectors, One Forms, Metric Decode QR-Code In .NET Framework Using Barcode Control SDK for Visual Studio .NET Control to generate, create, read, scan barcode image in VS .NET applications. QR-Code Creator In .NET Using Barcode maker for .NET framework Control to generate, create Denso QR Bar Code image in .NET applications. the indices i, j will range only over (1, 2, 3). Typing a lot of Greek symbols is a bit of extra work, so we will stick to using Latin indices all the time. When possible, we will use early letters (a, b, c, . . .) to range over all possible values (0, 1, 2, 3) and use letters from the middle of the alphabet such as i, j to range only over the spatial components (1, 2, 3). Decode QR-Code In .NET Using Barcode scanner for .NET framework Control to read, scan read, scan image in Visual Studio .NET applications. Barcode Creator In Visual Studio .NET Using Barcode creation for Visual Studio .NET Control to generate, create barcode image in .NET framework applications. The Einstein Summation Convention
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The other index found in this expression, a , is a free index. If we elect to change the free index, it must be changed on both sides of the equation. Therefore it Vectors, One Forms, Metric
would be valid to make the change a b , provided that we make this change on both sides; i.e., Ab = b bA b
Tangent Vectors, One Forms, and the Coordinate Basis
We will often label basis vectors with the notation ea . Using the Einstein summation convention, a vector V can be written in terms of some basis as V = V a ea In this context the notation ea makes sense, because we can use it in the summation convention (this would not be possible with the cumbersome (i, j, k) for example). In a given coordinate system, the basis vectors ea are tangent to the coordinate lines. (See Fig. 2-3 and Fig. 2-4) This is the reason why we can write basis vectors as partial derivatives in a particular coordinate direction (for an explanation, see Carroll, 2004). In other words, we take ea = a = xa This type of basis is called a coordinate basis. This allows us to think of a vector as an operator, one that maps a function into a new function that is related to its derivative. In particular, V f = (V a ea ) = V a a f A vector V can be represented with covariant components Va . This type of vector is called a one form. Basis one forms have raised indices and are often denoted by a . So we can write V = Va a We have used a tilde to note that this is a one form and not an ordinary vector (but it is the same object, in a different representation). Later, we will see how to move between the two representations by raising and lowering indices with the Vectors, One Forms, Metric
Fig. 2-3. A tangent vector to a curve.
metric. The basis one forms form a dual vector space to ordinary vectors, in the sense that the one forms constitute a vector space in their own right and the basis one forms map basis vectors to a number, the Kronecker delta function; i.e., a a (eb ) = b
(2.1) where
a b =
a=b otherwise
In a coordinate representation, the basis one forms are given by a = dx a (2.2) With this representation, it is easy to see why (2.1) holds. An arbitrary one form a maps a vector V a to a number via the scalar product V = a V a We can think of this either way: we can visualize vectors as maps that take one forms to the real numbers via the scalar product. More generally, we can de ne a ( p, q) tensor as a function that takes p one forms and q vectors as input and
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