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close () <fstream.h> void fstreambase: :close(); Closes the file attached to the owner object. cos () <math.h> double cos (double x); Inverse cosine of x. cosh () <math.h> double cosh(double x); Hyperbolic cosine of x: (ex + e-x) /2. difftime () <time.h> double difftime(time-t t1, time_t t0); Returns time elapsed (in seconds) from time t0 to time t1 eof () <lostream.h> int ios :: eof (); Returns nonzero if eofbit is set; Returns 0 otherwise. exit() <stdlib.h> void exit (int n); Terminates program & returns n to the invoking process exp() <math.h> double exp(double x); Exponential of x: ex. fabs() <math.h> double labs (double x); Absolute value of x. fail() <iostream.h> int ios : : fail (); Returns nonzero if failbit is set; Returns 0 otherwise. fclose() <stdio.h> int fclose(FILE* p); Closes the file *p and flushes all buffers. Returns 0 if successful; returns EOF otherwise. fgetc () <stdio.h> int fgetc(FILE* p); Reads & returns next character from the *p if possible; else returns EOF. fgets() <stdio.h> char* fgets(char* s, int n, FILE* P); Reads the next line from the file *p and stores it in *s. The "next line" means either the next n-1 characters or all the characters up to the next endline character, whichever comes first. The NUL is appended to the characters stored in s. Returns s if successful; returns NULL otherwise. fill () <iostream.h> char ios: :fill(); Returns current fill character. char ios: :fill (char c) ; Changes fill char to c and returns previous fill character. flags () <lostream.h> long ios: :flags (); Returns the current format flags. long ios: : flags (long n); Changes format flags to n; returns previous flags. floor () <math.h> double floor (double x); Returns x rounded down to the next whole number. flush () <iostream.h> ostream& ostream : : flush(); Flushes the output buffer and returns the updates stream. fopen () <iostream.h> FILE* fopen(const char* p, const char* s); Opens file *p and returns address of the file structure if successful; else returns NULL. String s sets file's mode: "r" = read, "w" = write, "a'' = append, "r+" or ''w+" = reading and writing an existing file. and "a+" = reading and appending an existing file. fprintf ()<iostream.h> int fprintf (FILE* p, const char* s); Writes formatted output to the file * p. Returns the number of characters printed if successful; otherwise it returns a negative number.

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putc() <stdio.h> int fputc(int c, FILE* p); Writes character c to the file * p. Returns the character written or EOF if unsuccessful. fputs() <iostream.h> int fputs(const char* s, FILE* p); Writes string s to the file *p. Returns a nonnegative integer if successful; otherwise it returns EOF fread() <iostream.h> size-t fread(void* s, size-t k, size-t n, FILE* p) ; Reads up to n items each of size k from the file *p and stores them at location s in memory. Returns the number of items read fscanf () <lostream.h> int fscanf (FILE* p, const char* s); Reads formatted input from the file *p and stores it at location. Returns EOF if end of file; otherwise returns the number of items read. fseek () <iostream.h> int fseek(FILE* p, long k, int base); Repositions the position marker of the file *p k bytes from its base, where base should be SEEK_SET for the beginning of the file, SEEK_CUR for the current position of the file marker or SEEK_END for the end of the file. Returns 0 if successful. ftell () <iostream.h> long ftell (FILE* p); Returns the location of the position marker in file *p or returns-1. fwrite () <lostream.h> size-t fwrite(void* s, size-t k, size-t n, FILE* p); Writes n items each of size k to the file *p and Returns the number written. gcount() <stdio.h> int istream: :gcount(); Returns the number of characters most recently read. get() <stdio.h> int istream: :get(); istream& istream: :get (signed char& c); istream& istream: :get (unsigned char& c); istream& istream: :get (signed char* b, int n, char e='\n'); istream& istream: :get(unsigned char* b, int n, char e=, \n' ); Reads the next character c from the istream. The first version returns c or EOF. The last two versions read up to n characters into b, stopping when e is encountered. getc () <stdio.h> int getc (FILE* p); Same as fgetc () except implemented as a macro. getchar () <stdio.h> int getchar (); Returns the next character from standard input or returns EOF. gets () <stdio.h> char* gets (char* s); Reads next line from standard input and stores it in s. Returns s or NULL if no characters are read. good () <iostream. h> int ios : : good (); Returns nonzero if stream state is zero; returns zero otherwise. ignore () <iostream.h> istream& ignore(int n=1, int e=EOF); Extracts up to n characters from stream, or up to character e, which ever comes first. Returns the stream. isalnum () <ctype.h> int isalnum(int c); Returns nonzero if c is an alphabetic or numeric character; returns 0 otherwise.