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A plot showing each of the harmonic amplitudes in the wave is called the line spectrum. The lines decrease rapidly for waves with rapidly convergent series. Waves with discontinuities, such as the sawtooth and square wave, have spectra with slowly decreasing amplitudes, since their series have strong

high harmonics. Their 10th harmonics will often have amplitudes of signi cant value as compared to the fundamental. In contrast, the series for waveforms without discontinuities and with a generally smooth appearance will converge rapidly, and only a few terms are required to generate the wave. Such rapid convergence will be evident from the line spectrum where the harmonic amplitudes decrease rapidly, so that any above the 5th or 6th are insigni cant. The harmonic content and the line spectrum of a wave are part of the very nature of that wave and never change, regardless of the method of analysis. Shifting the origin gives the trigonometric series a completely di erent appearance, and the exponential series coe cients also change greatly. However, the same harmonics always appear in the series, and their amplitudes, c 0 j 1 a0 j 2 or c0 jA0 j and and cn p a2 b2 n ! 1 n n n ! 1 14 (15)

remain the same. Note that when the exponential form is used, the amplitude of the nth harmonic combines the contributions of frequencies n! and n!.

EXAMPLE 17.4 In Fig. 17-8, the sawtooth wave of Example 17.1 and its line spectrum are shown. Since there were only sine terms in the trigonometric series, the harmonic amplitudes are given directly by 1 a0 and jbn j. The 2 same line spectrum is obtained from the exponential Fourier series, (13).

Fig. 17-8

Synthesis is a combination of parts so as to form a whole. Fourier synthesis is the recombination of the terms of the trigonometric series, usually the rst four or ve, to produce the original wave. Often it is only after synthesizing a wave that the student is convinced that the Fourier series does in fact represent the periodic wave for which it was obtained. The trigonometric series for the sawtooth wave of Fig. 17-8 is f t 5 10 10 10 sin !t sin 2!t sin 3!t  2 3

These four terms are plotted and added in Fig. 17-9. Although the result is not a perfect sawtooth wave, it appears that with more terms included the sketch will more nearly resemble a sawtooth. Since this wave has discontinuities, its series is not rapidly convergent, and consequently, the synthesis using only four terms does not produce a very good result. The next term, at the frequency 4!, has amplitude 10/ 4, which is certainly signi cant compared to the fundamental amplitude, 10/. As each term is added in the synthesis, the irregularities of the resultant are reduced and the approximation to the original wave is improved. This is what was meant when we said earlier that the series converges to the function at all points of continuity and to the mean value at points of discontinuity. In Fig. 17-9, at 0 and 2 it is clear that a value of 5 will remain, since all sine terms are zero at these points. These are the points of discontinuity; and the value of the function when they are approached from the left is 10, and from the right 0, with the mean value 5.

CHAP. 17]

Fig. 17-9

EFFECTIVE VALUES AND POWER The e ective or rms value of the function f t 1 a0 a1 cos !t a2 cos 2!t b1 sin !t b2 sin 2!t 2 q q 1 a0 2 1 a2 1 a2 1 b2 1 b2 c 2 1 c 2 1 c 2 1 c 3 0 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 3