ssrs fixed data matrix . This counts the number of punctuation characters in the string s, so the output is 5. in Software

Generator QR Code 2d barcode in Software . This counts the number of punctuation characters in the string s, so the output is 5.

This changes each character that is followed by a punctuation character to that following character: 123 . . 42nd S.,, N,, NY 1002--1095 The assignment s 1 = s 2 simply makes s 1 a synonym for s 2 ; i.e., they both point to the same character. The call s trcpy ( s 1, s 2 ) actually copies the characters of s 2 into the string s 1, thereby duplicating the string. a. This assigns the integer 10 to n. b. This assigns the substring I r f ord I' to s 1. c. This assigns the substring I rd " to s 1. d. This assigns the substring "utherford" to sl. e. This copies 1 as t to f i r s t, so that f i fs t will also be the string I Hayes " . jI This copies the substring I Hay " into thefirstpartof first, making it "Hayherford". g. Thisappends last ontotheendof first,makingit "RutherfordHayes". h. This appends the substring " Hay " onto the end of firs t, making it " Ruther f ordHay I'. 7. 6. 5. 7; ABC

7.12 It prints: ABCDE < ABCE 7.13 It prints: ABCDE >= 7.14 It prints: ! =

8

8.1 INTRODUCTION A class is like an array: it is a derived type whose elements have other types. But unlike an array, the elements of a class may have different types. Furthermore, some elements of a class may be functions, including operators. Although any region of storage may generally be regarded as an object , the word is usually used to describe variables whose type is a class. Thus object-oriented programming involves programs that use classes. We think of an object as a self-contained entity that stores its own data and owns its own functions. The functionality of an object gives it life in the sense that it knows how to do things on its own. There is much more to object-oriented programming than simply including classes in your programs. However, that is the first step. An adequate treatment of the discipline lies far beyond an introductory outline such as this. 8.2 CLASS DECLARATIONS Here is a is declaration fora class whose objects represent rational numbers (i. e., fractions

class Rational { public: void assign(int, int); double convert.0; void invert(); void print(); private: int num, den; >;

The declaration begins with the keyword c las s followed by the name of the class and ends with the required semicolon. The name of this class is Rat ional. The functions assigno, convert(), invert (1, and print (> are called member functions because they are members of the class. Similarly, the variables num and den are called member data. Member functions are also called methods and services. In this class, all the member functions are designated as pub1 ic, and all the member data are designated as private. The difference is that pub1 ic members are accessible from outside the class, while private members are accessible only from within the class. Preventing access from outside the class is called information hiding. It allows the programmer to compartmentalize the software which makes it easier to understand, to debug, and to maintain. The following example shows how this class could be implemented and used.

EXAMPLE 8.1 Implementing the Rat ional Class class Rational pubhc: void assign(int, int); double converto; void invert(); void print(); private: int num, den; 1; main0 1 Rational x; x.assign(22,7); tout << "X = I'; x.print(); tout << " = " C=C x.convert() CC endl; x.invert(); tout << "l/x = "; x.print(); tout -CC endl;

Rational: :assign(int num = numerator; den = denominator;

numerator,

denominator)

double Rational::convert() -t return double(num)/den; void Rational::invert() int temp = num; num = den; den = temp;

void Rational::print() tout CC num cc x = ,22/T. = 3.2428.6 zjx3 .d .7/22 ( : ,,,, C-K den; ._ , , .. . ;: ,., . I . . : , . .: ,., : _. 1 ..,, , i ;: :.:I:

Here x is declared to be an object of the Rat ional class. Consequently, it has its own internal data members num and den, and it has the ability to call the four class member functions as s ign ( ) , convert(), invert ( >, and print ( ) . Note that a member function like invert ( ) is called by prefixing its name with the name of its owner: x . invert ( > . Indeed, a member function can only be called this way. We say that the object x owns the call.