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The heart of function orientation might be most simply identified by a parallel. A group of functions can have many levels of logic. Each level can be a function of its own, which is located directly after the next higher level (its calling function) or sequentially after others of the same level. So, two functions of the same level can be separated by lower-level functions. Drawn out, the effect is of each level wrapping the ones below it. The tangible benefit of this is that any functional group is one contiguous segment of code, and moving any functional group is one big step instead of many little steps. This is an extension to function-oriented concepts. (An even simpler parallel and extension is the organization of a multidimensional array. Grouping items of the same owner together, instead of items of the same type, allows all of the items of any owner to be copied in one big step, instead of many little steps.) But, again, function orientation is more complex than these parallels because it has interacting types of function sets and, therefore, interaction mechanisms which, again, can have characteristics of being alive.

After learning the ingredients of, and appropriate situations for, each type of mechanism, the most effective objective for designers is to develop both a feeling for the capabilities and limitations of the entire set of mechanism types and a feeling for how to orchestrate combinations of their usage, in one task and across a system. To achieve these feelings, one must understand the meaning of each mechanism type and think through applications based on functionality. To comprehensively serve that, this section describes the more-basic meaning of each of several language features.

A very simple example of the meaning of a language feature regards class data and class functions. These are constants, variables shared among instances, and functions performed on only external variables shared variables, parameters, and other objects data items. Except where the shared variables are concerned, these items are available to any object of a differing class without instantiating the first class. There are a couple of meanings here. The more straightforward one is that some data and functions are exactly the same in every object of that class. But the more significant one is that these items are not just kept in one big pool; they are kept in logical groupings, each with the appropriate function

set, which serves change and adaptation efforts. (Also, the class language feature reinforces that the software is fundamentally more function oriented than object oriented.)

Items are not just kept in one big pool; they are kept in logical groupings, each with the appropriate function set, which serves change and adaptation efforts.

Another very simple example regards abstract functions. These are most often described as functions that have no implementation, existing only to establish their interface; one ascendant class in each lineage has the responsibility of establishing the implementation for that interface (and others have the option). But another type of abstract function has just enough implementation to establish how it uses other functions; this is commonly known as a Template mechanism type. (This is very appropriate for a framework.) In either case, an abstract function is meant to serve polymorphism, which requires a common interface. A class is abstract when it has at least one abstract function. (Java has a class type explicitly defined as an interface, which has all abstract functions. It is implemented [instead of extended] to a concrete class.)

Another simple, but often frowned on, example regards the fact that ascendant functions can nullify ancestor functions (when they are virtual). Virtual functions are dynamically loaded, at execution, so they are meant to be dynamically replaced with overriding functions, but any can actually be overridden with a null function. This is discouraged because each child is supposed to either propagate or build on its parent s characteristics, but that can sometimes make extending a family complicated; and that s really not necessary, because a virtual function can be interpreted, in the vocabulary of a family, as a recessive gene (which might, in any generation, go away). Of course, this should probably be an exception, especially for considerations of memory usage.