tan x x x3
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Limit Tan[x] x , x 0 x3 1 3
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8.3 Compute lim(1 + sin x )cot 2 x
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Limit[(1 + Sin[x])Cot[2x], x 0]
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8.4 Compute lim(e x + x )1/ x and lim (e x + x )1/ x
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x x
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Differential Calculus
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1/x Limit[(Exp[x]+ x) , x ]
1/x Limit[(Exp[x]+ x) , x ] 1
8.5 Compute lim(2 x )
x 1
tan( x ) 2
SOLUTION
Limit[(2 x)Tan[ 2 x], x 1] 2/
8.6 If p dollars is compounded n times per year at an annual interest rate of r, the money will be worth nt r p 1 + dollars after t years. How much will the money be worth after t years if it is compounded n continuously (n )
SOLUTION
Limit[p(1 + r / n)n t, n ] r t p
8.7 The derivative of a function is defined to be lim h 0 derivative of f ( x ) = ln x + x 5 + sin x .
SOLUTION
f ( x + h) f ( x ) . Use this definition to compute the h
f[x_]= Log[x]+ x 5 + Sin[x]; Limit f[x + h] f[x], h 0 h 1 + 5 x4 + Cos[x] x
8.8 The second derivative of a function can be computed as the limit
h 0
f ( x + h) 2 f ( x ) + f ( x h) h2
Use this limit to compute the second derivative of f ( x ) = ln x + x 5 + sin x .
SOLUTION
f[x_]= Log[x]+ x 5 + Sin[x]; Limit f[x + h] 2 f[x]+ f[x h], h 0 h2 12 + 20 x3 Sin[x] x
Differential Calculus
8.2 Derivatives
There are several ways derivatives can be computed in Mathematica. Each has its advantages and disadvantages, so the proper choice for a particular situation must be determined.
If f[x] represents a function, its derivative is represented by f'[x]. Higher order derivatives are represented by f''[x], f'''[x], and so on.
EXAMPLE 5
f[x_]= x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1; f'[x] 1 + 2 x + 3 x2 + 4 x3 + 5 x4 f''[x] 2 + 6 x + 12 x 2 + 20 x 3 f'''[x] 6 + 24 x + 60 x 2
If a more traditional formatting of the derivatives is desired, the command TraditionalForm can be used.
EXAMPLE 6
f[x_]= x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1; f'[x] // TraditionalForm 5 x4 + 4 x3 + 3 x2 + 2 x + 1 f''[x] // TraditionalForm 20 x3 + 12 x2 + 6 x + 2 f'''[x] // TraditionalForm 60 x2 + 24 x + 6
The prime notation can also be used for built-in functions, as illustrated in the next example. If the argument is omitted, Mathematica returns a pure function representing the required derivative. (Pure functions are discussed in the appendix.)
EXAMPLE 7
Sqrt' 1 & 2 #1 Sqrt'[x] 1 2 x Sqrt'' 1 & 4 #13/2
The variable x replaces the symbol #1. a
' Sqrt''[x]
1 4 x3/2
D[f[x], x] returns the derivative of f with respect to x. D[f[x], {x, n}] returns the nth derivative of f with respect to x.
Differential Calculus
EXAMPLE 8
D[x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1, x] 1 + 2x + 3x 2 + 4x 3 + 5x 4 D[x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1, {x, 2}] 2 + 6x + 12x 2 + 20x 3 D[x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1, {x, 3}] 6 + 24x + 60x 2
, which can be found on the Basic Math Input palette, is equivalent to D. x will return the derivative with respect to x. The nth derivative is represented by {x, n}.
EXAMPLE 9
x(x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1) 1 + 2x + 3x 2 + 4x 3 + 5x 4 {x, 2}(x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1) 2 + 6x + 12x 2 + 20x 3 {x, 3}(x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1) 6 + 24x + 60x 2
Derivative[n] is a functional operator that acts on a function to produce a new function, namely, its nth derivative. Derivative[n][f] gives the nth derivative of f as a pure function and Derivative[n][f][x]evaluates the nth derivative of f at x.
It is useful to remember that f' is converted to Derivative[1]. Thus, f'[x] becomes Derivative[1][x]. Higher order derivatives f'', f''', etc. are handled in a similar manner.