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tout << "X0. "; > tout << "-X().\n"; > QR Decoder In None Using Barcode Control SDK for Software Control to generate, create, read, scan barcode image in Software applications. Make Quick Response Code In None Using Barcode drawer for Software Control to generate, create Quick Response Code image in Software applications. CHAP. 1 l] QR Decoder In None Using Barcode scanner for Software Control to read, scan read, scan image in Software applications. Quick Response Code Printer In C#.NET Using Barcode printer for VS .NET Control to generate, create QR Code ISO/IEC18004 image in Visual Studio .NET applications. COMPOSITION AND INHERITANCE
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This example illustrates what is known as a memory leak. In a large-scale software system, this could lead to a catastrophe. Moreover, it is a bug that is not easily located. The moral is: declare the base class destructor virtual whenever your class hierarchy uses dynamic binding. As noted earlier, these examples are contrived to illustrate specific features of C++ and are not meant to exemplify typical programming practice. 11.9 ABSTRACT BASE CLASSES A well-designed object-oriented program will include a hierarchy of classes whose interrelationships can be described by a tree diagram like the one below. The classes at the leaves of this Vertebrate
Bird
Fish
Mammal
Penguin
Carnivore Elephant Primate Dog Monkey
Rodent
Bear Cat
Human Beaver
Mouse
tree (e.g., Owl, Fish, Dog) would include specific functions that implement the behavior of their respective classes (e.g., Fish. swim ( ) , Owl. fly ( ) , Dog. dig ( ) ). However, some of these functions may be common to all the subclasses of a class (e.g., Vertebrate.eat(), Mammal .suckle(), Primate.peel()). Such functions are likely to be declared virtual in these base classes, and then overridden in their subclasses for specific implementations. If a virtual function is certain to be overridden in all of its subclasses, then there is no need to implement it at all in its base class. This is done by making the virtual function pure. A pure virtual member function is a virtual function that has no implementation in its class. The syntax for specifying a pure virtual member function is to insert the initializer = o ; in place of the functions body, like this: virtual int f() =O; For example, in the Vertebrate class above, we might decide that the eat ( > function would be overridden in every one of its subclasses, and thus declare it as a pure virtual member function within its Vertebrate base class: class Vertebrate { public: virtual void eat0 =O; 1;
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